Principal Contact
Abstract
Mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) has been considered one of the most effective pulpotomy materials as it induces the formation of dentine at a greater rate with superior structural integrity, minimal inflammation and nominal hyperplasia. Portland cement (PC), posing the principal chemical elements with similar mechanisms of action, physical properties and biocompatibility like MTA, may be considered as effective alternative for the same. So, the objective of the study was to compare the clinical and radiographic outcome of Portland cement and mineral trioxide aggregates as pulpotomy material in primary teeth. A total of 40 patients having deep carious primary tooth with mild thermal sensitivity were enrolled in this study. Pulpotomy 20 patients were treated with Portland cement and the remaining 20 patients were treated with mineral trioxide aggregates, those considered as group A and group B respectively. Then, clinical and radiological examinations were performed at 3, 6 and 12 months interval to investigate the incidence of postoperative pain, swelling, dentinal bridge formation and root resorption. After a period of one year, a total of 60.0% teeth treated by Portland Cement and 50.0% teeth treated by MTA group came out successfully both clinically and radiographically. All these treated teeth that came out successful remained vital having no pain clinically along with radiological evidence of dentin bridge formation and absence of internal resorption. The difference between the tested groups was not statistically significant (p>0.05). It can be considered that Portland cement (PC) can also be used as successful pulpotomy material as an effective and economic substitute of MTA.
Keywords: Pulpotomy, Mineral trioxide aggregate, Portland cement
Keywords: Pulpotomy, Mineral trioxide aggregate, Portland cement
Introduction
Retention of pulpally involved deciduous tooth in a healthy state until the time of normal exfoliation remains to be one of the challenges for Pedodontists. Pulpotomised teeth help in maintaining arch integrity by allowing preservation of the teeth that would otherwise be destined for extraction.1,2 Concerns have been raised about the toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of the currently used pulpotomy materials, and alternatives have been proposed to maintain the partial pulp vitality. MTA showed effectiveness in vital pulp therapy procedures both in animals and human.3-10 However, the use of this much overpriced commercial dental MTA for primary teeth endodontics in a developing country like Bangladesh, is a great problem and discouraging the parents about the treatment.
Portland cement is a major bulk of MTA, differs from MTA by the absence of Bismuth ions and the presence of potassium ions.11-15 Both materials have comparable antibacterial activity and almost identical properties macroscopically, microscopically and by X-ray diffraction analysis.11,12,14,16 The main goals of using MTA and Portland Cement are to induce dentin bridge formation and to maintain pulp vitality.17 So, there is strong background that the PC should be used as pulpotomy materials in human primary teeth after sufficient clinical trial. Until these days, there are few reportson the use PC as medicaments in human primary teeth, but significant body of research is needed to accept PC as an effective and economic substitute of MTA.18-20 So, the present study was carried out to evaluate PC as an effective and alternative material in comparison to MTA. Taking into account, the low cost and widely availability with apparently similar properties of PC in comparison to MTA, it is reasonable to consider PC as an effective and economic substitute for MTA in endodontic applications.15,21,22
Retention of pulpally involved deciduous tooth in a healthy state until the time of normal exfoliation remains to be one of the challenges for Pedodontists. Pulpotomised teeth help in maintaining arch integrity by allowing preservation of the teeth that would otherwise be destined for extraction.1,2 Concerns have been raised about the toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of the currently used pulpotomy materials, and alternatives have been proposed to maintain the partial pulp vitality. MTA showed effectiveness in vital pulp therapy procedures both in animals and human.3-10 However, the use of this much overpriced commercial dental MTA for primary teeth endodontics in a developing country like Bangladesh, is a great problem and discouraging the parents about the treatment.
Portland cement is a major bulk of MTA, differs from MTA by the absence of Bismuth ions and the presence of potassium ions.11-15 Both materials have comparable antibacterial activity and almost identical properties macroscopically, microscopically and by X-ray diffraction analysis.11,12,14,16 The main goals of using MTA and Portland Cement are to induce dentin bridge formation and to maintain pulp vitality.17 So, there is strong background that the PC should be used as pulpotomy materials in human primary teeth after sufficient clinical trial. Until these days, there are few reportson the use PC as medicaments in human primary teeth, but significant body of research is needed to accept PC as an effective and economic substitute of MTA.18-20 So, the present study was carried out to evaluate PC as an effective and alternative material in comparison to MTA. Taking into account, the low cost and widely availability with apparently similar properties of PC in comparison to MTA, it is reasonable to consider PC as an effective and economic substitute for MTA in endodontic applications.15,21,22
Materials and Methods
This quasi experimental study was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. After thorough history taking, clinical and radiographic evaluation; 6-9 years old patients having deep carious primary teeth with exposure of the pulp radiographically with mild thermal sensitivity but completely formed root were selected for the study. Mechanical exposure of pulp, un-restorable teeth, previously treated or restored teeth were discarded for this purpose. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the cases. A total of 40 primary teeth were selected and divided into 2 groups: group A for Portland cement (PC) pulpotomy and group B for mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) pulpotomy.
Each and every tooth was treated with aseptic condition, under local anesthesia with rubber dam isolation and salivary ejector. Surrounding caries and roof of pulp chamber was removed with number-4 round bur running at high-speed hand piece and copious water spray. Coronal pulps from pulp chamber were removed by using sterile excavator until the orifices of canal are seen. Finally, the pulp chamber was rinsed with normal saline and the orifices were covered with a small cotton pellet soaked in normal saline with pressure until bleeding is controlled.
Patients in group A, sterilized Portland cement were mixed with bismuth oxide (8:2) and then mixed with sterile water (3:1) into a smooth mix. Patients in group B, Pro-Root MTA (Densply), were mixed according to the manufacture\prime;s recommendations (3:1) using plastic spatula. The smooth mix of PC and MTA applied over the pulp and into the base of the prepared cavity accordingly. Then, by using a sterile cotton pellet moistened with distilled water mixed cements were condensed properly over the chamber. After the setting of the cement, the rest of the cavity was filled with Fuji-IX Glassionomer cement. Bite was checked for any high spots and 2 coats of varnish were applied over the Glass-ionomer Filling. Then, post-operative radiograph (figure 2B) was taken.
The children were recalled for clinical and radiographic evaluations after 3, 6 and 12 months interval for the assessment of pain, vitality test, dentinal bridge formation and root resorption. Pain was assessed by universal VAS scale for pain and vitality teat carried out together with thermal test and EPT. Collected data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17. Statistical analyses were performed by Chi-square and Fisher&psquos exact test to assess the difference between the clinical outcome of Group A and B; a value of p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
This quasi experimental study was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. After thorough history taking, clinical and radiographic evaluation; 6-9 years old patients having deep carious primary teeth with exposure of the pulp radiographically with mild thermal sensitivity but completely formed root were selected for the study. Mechanical exposure of pulp, un-restorable teeth, previously treated or restored teeth were discarded for this purpose. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the cases. A total of 40 primary teeth were selected and divided into 2 groups: group A for Portland cement (PC) pulpotomy and group B for mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) pulpotomy.
Each and every tooth was treated with aseptic condition, under local anesthesia with rubber dam isolation and salivary ejector. Surrounding caries and roof of pulp chamber was removed with number-4 round bur running at high-speed hand piece and copious water spray. Coronal pulps from pulp chamber were removed by using sterile excavator until the orifices of canal are seen. Finally, the pulp chamber was rinsed with normal saline and the orifices were covered with a small cotton pellet soaked in normal saline with pressure until bleeding is controlled.
Patients in group A, sterilized Portland cement were mixed with bismuth oxide (8:2) and then mixed with sterile water (3:1) into a smooth mix. Patients in group B, Pro-Root MTA (Densply), were mixed according to the manufacture\prime;s recommendations (3:1) using plastic spatula. The smooth mix of PC and MTA applied over the pulp and into the base of the prepared cavity accordingly. Then, by using a sterile cotton pellet moistened with distilled water mixed cements were condensed properly over the chamber. After the setting of the cement, the rest of the cavity was filled with Fuji-IX Glassionomer cement. Bite was checked for any high spots and 2 coats of varnish were applied over the Glass-ionomer Filling. Then, post-operative radiograph (figure 2B) was taken.
The children were recalled for clinical and radiographic evaluations after 3, 6 and 12 months interval for the assessment of pain, vitality test, dentinal bridge formation and root resorption. Pain was assessed by universal VAS scale for pain and vitality teat carried out together with thermal test and EPT. Collected data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17. Statistical analyses were performed by Chi-square and Fisher&psquos exact test to assess the difference between the clinical outcome of Group A and B; a value of p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results
In the present study, where success was defined as the teeth will remain vital and symptom (pain) free after pulpotomy along with radiological evidence of dentin bridge formation but no internal resorption; 60.0% teeth came out successful when pulpotomy carried out using PC than 50.0% teeth using MTA. PC showed a faster dentin bridge formation than MTA. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was to be found between the two steps.
Only one tooth (5%) became symptomatic and non vital after 6 months in MTA group and after 12 months in PC group. There was no statistical significance in respect of post operative pain and maintaining tooth vitality (table I).
p value reached from fisher exact test
Teeth treated with PC showed a faster (40% after 3 months) dentin bridge formation than those treated by MTA (25% after 3 months). No internal resorption was evident except one in MTA group after 3 months. The difference was not statistically significant
ap value reached from chi square test
bp value reached from fisher exact test
60.0% pulpotomy was successful (no pain, vitality maintained, no resorption, and presence of dentin bridge) in PC group than 50.0% in MTA group. The difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05).
p value reached from chi square test
Clinical and radiographic evaluations were done following detail history taking of the cases. In case of Portland cement pulpotomy, deep carious lesions were identified radiographically (figure 1A) prior to operation. Furthermore, post operative X-rays were also taken (Figure 1B). Twelve (12) months follow- up periapical Xray and Radio-VisioGraphy (RVG) were also performed (figure 1C and 1D)
Figure 1: Sequential steps of Pulpotomy done by Portland cement
Figure 2: Sequential steps of Pulpotomy done by MTA
Figure 3: Resorption seen in a case of MTA treated pulpotomy
In case of MTA pulpotomy, pre and post operative X-ray were taken (figure 2A and 2B). Furthermore, Twelve (12) months follow up periapical X ray & Radio-VisioGraphy (RVG) were also done (figure 2C and 2D).
figure 3A, figure 3B: Preoperative radiograph and 3 months follow-up radiograph after pulpotomy by MTA showing internal resorption
Sakai et al reported 100% success considering post-operative pain & and maintenance of pulp vitality when teeth treated with PC and MTA. In the present study only one case (5% of the patients) after 6 months in MTA group and after 12 months in PC group showed moderate pain and ultimately lost their vitality.23 The rest of the patients (95% in both groups) neither complained for immediate nor long term post-operative pain, and ultimately remained vital. The pain following the treatment, might be due to pulpal inflammation without clinical signs prior the treatment because those teeth ultimately lost vitality. Furthermore, as per Maroto et al, the pain may be due to the composition of the materials too. There was no statistically significant difference between the two tested materials in respect of post-operative pain and maintenance of vitality.7
In the present study, initiation of hard tissue barrier could be recognized after 3 months in 40% cases of PC group and in 25% cases of MTA group. The time required for hard tissue barrier initiation in the present study confirms the findings of Conti et al. who in case report stated that dentin bridge deposition could be observed after 3 months follow up immediately below PC, which was confirmed radiographically at 6 months.24 Sakai et al reported the beginning of mineralized deposition could be detected radiographically after pulpotomy in all 100% cases with PC in contrast to 57.14% at 6 months follow up and 78.6% at 12 months follow up with MTA.23 Ultimately, in the present study, dentin bridge was evident in 65% cases in PC group, in comparison to 63.2% cases in MTA group and there was no statistically significant difference. Earliest dentin bridge formation was noted at PC pulp tissue interface around 14-21 days.25 Success of PC utilization may be explained by the strong initial stimulus, able to cause an immediate response of osteo-dentin formation in an attempt to isolate the remainders of the pulp from the action of the material.26
In PC group, no tooth showed resorption throughout the total follow-up period. However, in MTA group, only one out of 20, showed internal resorption after 3 months. The result corresponded to the Agamy et al who showed internal resorption in 2 out of 33 MTA treated teeth.27 Maroto et al when studied pulpotomy with MTA, though he observed 100% success, one radiographic image resembling the initial stage of an internal resorption was detected in one of the mandibular pulp canals.7 It could be the initial phase of pulpal necrosis which would be situated in the nearest point of the MTA and could progress all along the pulp canal in the future. The internal resorption may be due to overstimulation induced by high alkalinity cause metaplasia within the pulp tissue, leading to the formation of odontoclasts and vascular change in the pulp that involves an inflammation and formation of granulation tissue, or due to the irritating effects of the medicaments present in the paste, or due to the result of undiagnosed chronic inflammation existing in the radicular pulp prior to pulpotomy.28-32
Conclusion
Portland cement and mineral trioxide aggregates could form dentine bridge and maintained pulpal vitality after pulpotomy in human primary teeth with almost similar percentage and there was no statistically significant difference. So, it can be considered that Portland Cement (PC) can also be used as successful pulpotomy material as an effective and economic substitute of MTA.
In the present study, where success was defined as the teeth will remain vital and symptom (pain) free after pulpotomy along with radiological evidence of dentin bridge formation but no internal resorption; 60.0% teeth came out successful when pulpotomy carried out using PC than 50.0% teeth using MTA. PC showed a faster dentin bridge formation than MTA. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was to be found between the two steps.
Only one tooth (5%) became symptomatic and non vital after 6 months in MTA group and after 12 months in PC group. There was no statistical significance in respect of post operative pain and maintaining tooth vitality (table I).
Table I: Clinical assessment of post-operative pain and pulp vitality (n=40)
|
Group A (PC) |
Group B (MTA) |
p |
||||||
|
Pain status (VAS Score) |
Pulp vitality status |
Pain status (VAS Score) |
Pulp vitality status |
|
||||
|
n |
% |
n |
+/- |
n |
% |
n |
+/- |
|
After 3 months |
|||||||||
No pain |
20 |
100 |
20 |
+ |
20 |
100 |
20 |
+ |
|
Mild pain |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|||||
Moderate pain |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|||||
Spontaneous pain |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|||||
After 6 months |
|||||||||
No pain |
20 |
100 |
20 |
+ |
19 |
95 |
19 |
+ |
0.50 |
Mild pain |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|||||
Moderate pain |
0 |
0 |
1 |
5 |
1 |
- |
|||
Spontaneous pain |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|||||
After 12 months |
|||||||||
No pain |
19 |
95 |
19 |
+ |
19 |
100 |
19 |
+ |
0.512 |
Mild pain |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|||||
Moderate pain |
1 |
5 |
1 |
- |
0 |
0 |
1 |
- |
|
Spontaneous pain |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|||||
Teeth treated with PC showed a faster (40% after 3 months) dentin bridge formation than those treated by MTA (25% after 3 months). No internal resorption was evident except one in MTA group after 3 months. The difference was not statistically significant
Table II: Radiographic assessment of the groups at evaluation period (n=40)
Radiographic assessment |
Group A (PC) |
Group B (MTA) |
p |
||
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
|
After 3 months |
|
|
|
||
Dentin bridge |
8 |
40.0 |
5 |
25.0 |
a0.311 |
Internal root resorption |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
5.0 |
b0.500 |
External root resorption |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
- |
After 6 months |
|
|
|
||
Dentin bridge |
12 |
60.0 |
12 |
60.0 |
a1.00 |
Internal root resorption |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
5.0 |
b0.500 |
External root resorption |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
- |
After 12 months |
|
|
|
|
|
Dentin bridge |
13 |
65.0 |
12 |
63.2 |
a0.732 |
Internal root resorption |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
5.3 |
b0.500 |
External root resorption |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
- |
bp value reached from fisher exact test
60.0% pulpotomy was successful (no pain, vitality maintained, no resorption, and presence of dentin bridge) in PC group than 50.0% in MTA group. The difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05).
Table III: Final outcome of treatment of the study population (n=40)
Site |
Group A (PC) |
Group B (MTA) |
p |
||
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
|
Success |
12 |
60.0 |
10 |
50.0 |
0.525 |
Failure |
8 |
40.0 |
10 |
50.0 |
|
Clinical and radiographic evaluations were done following detail history taking of the cases. In case of Portland cement pulpotomy, deep carious lesions were identified radiographically (figure 1A) prior to operation. Furthermore, post operative X-rays were also taken (Figure 1B). Twelve (12) months follow- up periapical Xray and Radio-VisioGraphy (RVG) were also performed (figure 1C and 1D)
In case of MTA pulpotomy, pre and post operative X-ray were taken (figure 2A and 2B). Furthermore, Twelve (12) months follow up periapical X ray & Radio-VisioGraphy (RVG) were also done (figure 2C and 2D).
figure 3A, figure 3B: Preoperative radiograph and 3 months follow-up radiograph after pulpotomy by MTA showing internal resorption
Discussion
In the present study, during 12 months follow up period, both the tested materials came out successful clinically and radiographically.Sakai et al reported 100% success considering post-operative pain & and maintenance of pulp vitality when teeth treated with PC and MTA. In the present study only one case (5% of the patients) after 6 months in MTA group and after 12 months in PC group showed moderate pain and ultimately lost their vitality.23 The rest of the patients (95% in both groups) neither complained for immediate nor long term post-operative pain, and ultimately remained vital. The pain following the treatment, might be due to pulpal inflammation without clinical signs prior the treatment because those teeth ultimately lost vitality. Furthermore, as per Maroto et al, the pain may be due to the composition of the materials too. There was no statistically significant difference between the two tested materials in respect of post-operative pain and maintenance of vitality.7
In the present study, initiation of hard tissue barrier could be recognized after 3 months in 40% cases of PC group and in 25% cases of MTA group. The time required for hard tissue barrier initiation in the present study confirms the findings of Conti et al. who in case report stated that dentin bridge deposition could be observed after 3 months follow up immediately below PC, which was confirmed radiographically at 6 months.24 Sakai et al reported the beginning of mineralized deposition could be detected radiographically after pulpotomy in all 100% cases with PC in contrast to 57.14% at 6 months follow up and 78.6% at 12 months follow up with MTA.23 Ultimately, in the present study, dentin bridge was evident in 65% cases in PC group, in comparison to 63.2% cases in MTA group and there was no statistically significant difference. Earliest dentin bridge formation was noted at PC pulp tissue interface around 14-21 days.25 Success of PC utilization may be explained by the strong initial stimulus, able to cause an immediate response of osteo-dentin formation in an attempt to isolate the remainders of the pulp from the action of the material.26
In PC group, no tooth showed resorption throughout the total follow-up period. However, in MTA group, only one out of 20, showed internal resorption after 3 months. The result corresponded to the Agamy et al who showed internal resorption in 2 out of 33 MTA treated teeth.27 Maroto et al when studied pulpotomy with MTA, though he observed 100% success, one radiographic image resembling the initial stage of an internal resorption was detected in one of the mandibular pulp canals.7 It could be the initial phase of pulpal necrosis which would be situated in the nearest point of the MTA and could progress all along the pulp canal in the future. The internal resorption may be due to overstimulation induced by high alkalinity cause metaplasia within the pulp tissue, leading to the formation of odontoclasts and vascular change in the pulp that involves an inflammation and formation of granulation tissue, or due to the irritating effects of the medicaments present in the paste, or due to the result of undiagnosed chronic inflammation existing in the radicular pulp prior to pulpotomy.28-32
Conclusion
Portland cement and mineral trioxide aggregates could form dentine bridge and maintained pulpal vitality after pulpotomy in human primary teeth with almost similar percentage and there was no statistically significant difference. So, it can be considered that Portland Cement (PC) can also be used as successful pulpotomy material as an effective and economic substitute of MTA.
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- Barbosa AV, Sampaio GC, Gomes FA, de Oliveira DP, de Albuquerque DS, Sobral AP. Short-term analysis of human dental pulps after direct capping with portland cement. Open Dent J. 2009; 3:31-35.
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