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Abstract:
Emerging evidence links an elevated baseline inflammatory status to adverse outcome among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Baseline inflammation meas-ured by high sensitivity C-reactive proteinhs CRP may prove useful for identification of high risk patientsrequiringadjunctive therapies.Thisprospective study was carried out in the de-partment of cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka, during October 2012 to September 2013.Two hundred consecutive patients with CSA and UAundergoing PCI were included in the study.Study patients were divided into two groups on the basis of hsCRP levels. In Group IhsCRPlevels were elevated, that is ≤3 mg/L and in Group II hsCRP levels were normal,that is < 3 mg/L, with 100 patients in each group. Following the procedure in-hospital outcome of study patients were observed. Increased incidence (44%) of adverse in-hospital outcome was found in GroupI(44% Vs. 11%). Higher incidence of postprocedural angina (17%), peri-procedural myocardial infarction(6%) and peri-procedural myocardial injury(10%) was observed in this group. Nonsignificant rate of acute myocardial infarction, significant arrhythmia, acute LVF cardiogenic shock and death were found in elevatedhsCRPGroup.Overall Major Adverse Cardiac Events (6% Vs. 0%) were found inpre-proceduralelevatedhsCRP group.High sensitivity C-reactive protein remained independently predictive of adverse in-hospital outcome, with 95% CI of RR 1.4-4.4 and p < 001.The present study concludes that thehsCRP is animportant and independent predictor of adverse in hospital outcome.
Key words:High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), In-hospital outcome, percutaneouscoronary intervention.
Key words:High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), In-hospital outcome, percutaneouscoronary intervention.
Introduction:
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is anestablished myocardial revascularization pro-cedure. There are some definite complications of PCI. With the evolving scientific knowledge of underlying pathophysiology of postprocedural complications, emerging predictors are being searched.Conventionally, clinical and angio-graphic lesion classifications have served toiden-tify high-risk patients undergoing PCI.1-3
Emerging evidence links an elevated baseline inflammatory status to adverse outcomes among patients undergoing PCI.Invitro, enhanced cyto-kine synthesis by peripheral blood monocytes before PCI has been found to predict late lumen loss, suggesting that pre-procedural activation of inflammatory cells may play a role in the mod-ulation of vessel wall response to the injury in-duced by balloon PCI.4 This possibility is sup-ported by experimental and clinical studies showing that acute phase reactants and pro-inflammatory cytokines promote leukocyte, en-dothelial and smooth muscle cell activation, re-sulting in an increase in procoagulant activity, metalloproteinase release and neointimal prolife-ration. C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloi-dA protein (SAA) and fibrinogen are easily measurable acute-phase reactants, which are synthesized in response to proinflammatory cytokines.5
Since the last decade, biochemical markers have been carefully investigated; among these, several markers have been related to the risk of death, myocardial infarction, or restenosis after PCI, but only CRP has been shown to significantly and independently confer an adverse prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease, including those undergoing PCI.6,7 This is probably because of its relatively long half-life and chemical stability as well as the limited costs and logistic hurdles.7
C-reactive protein is an easily measurable acute phase reactant synthesized by hepatocytes inres-ponse to pro-inflammatory cytokines, predomi-nantly interleukin-6.8 High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) assay has a range of measurement that extends below the measurement range typical of most conventional CRP assay. As an inflammatory marker CRP increases procoagu-lantactivity, risk of distal embolisation or may augment microvascular inflammation after ische-mic insult during PCI that might be responsible for postprocedural ischemic complication.9 Increased high sensitivity CRP may become an important factor in pre-procedural risk stratifica-tion. As an independent marker for the rapid progression of atherosclerosis or the presence of an increased risk of subsequent adverse clinical outcome, increased hsCRPmay identify high-risk patients as candidates for high dose lipid lower-ing therapy.10
A focus on baseline inflammation measured by hsCRP may prove useful for identification of highrisk patients who might benefit fromadjunc-tive pharmacological and mechanical therapy during the procedure.
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is anestablished myocardial revascularization pro-cedure. There are some definite complications of PCI. With the evolving scientific knowledge of underlying pathophysiology of postprocedural complications, emerging predictors are being searched.Conventionally, clinical and angio-graphic lesion classifications have served toiden-tify high-risk patients undergoing PCI.1-3
Emerging evidence links an elevated baseline inflammatory status to adverse outcomes among patients undergoing PCI.Invitro, enhanced cyto-kine synthesis by peripheral blood monocytes before PCI has been found to predict late lumen loss, suggesting that pre-procedural activation of inflammatory cells may play a role in the mod-ulation of vessel wall response to the injury in-duced by balloon PCI.4 This possibility is sup-ported by experimental and clinical studies showing that acute phase reactants and pro-inflammatory cytokines promote leukocyte, en-dothelial and smooth muscle cell activation, re-sulting in an increase in procoagulant activity, metalloproteinase release and neointimal prolife-ration. C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloi-dA protein (SAA) and fibrinogen are easily measurable acute-phase reactants, which are synthesized in response to proinflammatory cytokines.5
Since the last decade, biochemical markers have been carefully investigated; among these, several markers have been related to the risk of death, myocardial infarction, or restenosis after PCI, but only CRP has been shown to significantly and independently confer an adverse prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease, including those undergoing PCI.6,7 This is probably because of its relatively long half-life and chemical stability as well as the limited costs and logistic hurdles.7
C-reactive protein is an easily measurable acute phase reactant synthesized by hepatocytes inres-ponse to pro-inflammatory cytokines, predomi-nantly interleukin-6.8 High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) assay has a range of measurement that extends below the measurement range typical of most conventional CRP assay. As an inflammatory marker CRP increases procoagu-lantactivity, risk of distal embolisation or may augment microvascular inflammation after ische-mic insult during PCI that might be responsible for postprocedural ischemic complication.9 Increased high sensitivity CRP may become an important factor in pre-procedural risk stratifica-tion. As an independent marker for the rapid progression of atherosclerosis or the presence of an increased risk of subsequent adverse clinical outcome, increased hsCRPmay identify high-risk patients as candidates for high dose lipid lower-ing therapy.10
A focus on baseline inflammation measured by hsCRP may prove useful for identification of highrisk patients who might benefit fromadjunc-tive pharmacological and mechanical therapy during the procedure.
Materials and Methods:
Patient's selection and data collection: The cur-rent prospective observational study included 200 patients of chronic stable angina and unsta-ble angina and who underwent PCI between October 2012 to September 2013, in the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Dhaka.Patients having total occlusion,left main disease,triple vessel disease,history of MI, Left ventricularejection fraction (LVEF)≥30%, inter-current inflammatory condition, treatmentwith steroid, immunosuppressive drugs, NSAID except low dose aspirin were excluded from the study. Baseline data included,demographic pro-file,ischemic heart disease status,LVEF, number of diseased vessels, American College of Cardi-ology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) lesion classification. Baseline hsCRP and levels were measured routinely on the day before PCI-by latex-enhanced immune nephelometry on a Behring BN-Pro Spec Nephelometer (SIEMENS, USA). Subjects were divided into two groups according to hsCRP level. Group I included 100 patients with elevated hsCRPlevel (≤3 mg/dl) and Group II included 100 patients with normal hsCRPlevel (< 3 mg/dl).The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethical committee.
Procedures were performed using standard PCI technique in significant coronary lesion(≤50% for LM and ≤70% for others).In case of double vessel disease, lesion treated was classified ac-cording to the first lesion attempted(usually most complex or culprit lesion). Data regarding angio-graphic and procedural characteristics were rec-orded.
Follow up and clinical end points:Following the procedure patients were followed up till index hospitalization(4±2 days after the proce-dure). Serum creatine kinase myocardial band levels were measured at baseline, 8 hours, 24 hours of procedure and daily recording ofsymp-tomsclinical examination and ECG were done. Following in-hospital adverse outcome wererecorded.
Postprocedural angina was defined as anginal chest pain or equivalent type of ischemic discomfort occurring at rest, on exertion or after meal and with or without evidence of transient ischemic changes in ECG or echocardiography. Acute MI due to stent thrombosis and other type of MI (according to universal MI definition) after 48 hours of procedure (except Coronary artery bypass graft- CABG related MI) were included, and were diagnosed by elevated serum CK-MB level < 5x 99th percentile of URL with any of subjective evidence of typical chest pain, ECG, echo-cardiography or angiography.
Periprocedural myocardial infarction was defined by elevation of CK MB values (>5 x 99th percentile URL) in patients with normal baseline values (≥99th percentile URL) within 48 hours of PCI with either subjective evidence of typical chest pain or ECG or echocardiography or angiography. Periproceduralmyocardial injurywas diagnosed by elevated serum CK-MB level within 48 hours of PCI and not fulfilling criteria of peripro-cedural MI.Acute left ventricular failure was followed up clinically by Killip class and by doing echocardiography.Significant arrhythmia was defined as frequent ventricular ectopic, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, second degree or third degree AV block. Cardiogenic shock was done for features of shock. Emergency revascularization was defined as, revascularization within 24 hours of the procedure.Death was defined as death from any cause during hospital stay.
Statistical analysis: Continuous baseline variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean ± SD and were compared by t-test. Categorical variables were compared by Fisher's exact test or Chi-square test where appropriate. Correlation between hsCRP and rise ofCK-MB was meas-ured by Spearman's correlation coefficient test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was per-formed to establish the independent predictive value of pre-procedural high sensitivity C-reactive protein in addition to other traditional prognostic risk factors (control of confounding). The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS). A p-value < 0•05 was considered statisti-cally significant.
Patient's selection and data collection: The cur-rent prospective observational study included 200 patients of chronic stable angina and unsta-ble angina and who underwent PCI between October 2012 to September 2013, in the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Dhaka.Patients having total occlusion,left main disease,triple vessel disease,history of MI, Left ventricularejection fraction (LVEF)≥30%, inter-current inflammatory condition, treatmentwith steroid, immunosuppressive drugs, NSAID except low dose aspirin were excluded from the study. Baseline data included,demographic pro-file,ischemic heart disease status,LVEF, number of diseased vessels, American College of Cardi-ology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) lesion classification. Baseline hsCRP and levels were measured routinely on the day before PCI-by latex-enhanced immune nephelometry on a Behring BN-Pro Spec Nephelometer (SIEMENS, USA). Subjects were divided into two groups according to hsCRP level. Group I included 100 patients with elevated hsCRPlevel (≤3 mg/dl) and Group II included 100 patients with normal hsCRPlevel (< 3 mg/dl).The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethical committee.
Procedures were performed using standard PCI technique in significant coronary lesion(≤50% for LM and ≤70% for others).In case of double vessel disease, lesion treated was classified ac-cording to the first lesion attempted(usually most complex or culprit lesion). Data regarding angio-graphic and procedural characteristics were rec-orded.
Follow up and clinical end points:Following the procedure patients were followed up till index hospitalization(4±2 days after the proce-dure). Serum creatine kinase myocardial band levels were measured at baseline, 8 hours, 24 hours of procedure and daily recording ofsymp-tomsclinical examination and ECG were done. Following in-hospital adverse outcome wererecorded.
Postprocedural angina was defined as anginal chest pain or equivalent type of ischemic discomfort occurring at rest, on exertion or after meal and with or without evidence of transient ischemic changes in ECG or echocardiography. Acute MI due to stent thrombosis and other type of MI (according to universal MI definition) after 48 hours of procedure (except Coronary artery bypass graft- CABG related MI) were included, and were diagnosed by elevated serum CK-MB level < 5x 99th percentile of URL with any of subjective evidence of typical chest pain, ECG, echo-cardiography or angiography.
Periprocedural myocardial infarction was defined by elevation of CK MB values (>5 x 99th percentile URL) in patients with normal baseline values (≥99th percentile URL) within 48 hours of PCI with either subjective evidence of typical chest pain or ECG or echocardiography or angiography. Periproceduralmyocardial injurywas diagnosed by elevated serum CK-MB level within 48 hours of PCI and not fulfilling criteria of peripro-cedural MI.Acute left ventricular failure was followed up clinically by Killip class and by doing echocardiography.Significant arrhythmia was defined as frequent ventricular ectopic, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, second degree or third degree AV block. Cardiogenic shock was done for features of shock. Emergency revascularization was defined as, revascularization within 24 hours of the procedure.Death was defined as death from any cause during hospital stay.
Statistical analysis: Continuous baseline variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean ± SD and were compared by t-test. Categorical variables were compared by Fisher's exact test or Chi-square test where appropriate. Correlation between hsCRP and rise ofCK-MB was meas-ured by Spearman's correlation coefficient test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was per-formed to establish the independent predictive value of pre-procedural high sensitivity C-reactive protein in addition to other traditional prognostic risk factors (control of confounding). The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS). A p-value < 0•05 was considered statisti-cally significant.
Result:
A total of 200 patients based on predefined enrollment criteria were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the hsCRP level before percutaneous coronary intervention, of which 100 patients were included in Group I having preprocedural elevated hsCRP level (≥3 mg/L) and 100 patients were included in Group II, having preprocedural normal hsCRP level (<3 mg/L). All patients were thoroughly observed after percutaneous coronary intervention during their post PCI hospital stay.
Baseline characteristics and hsCRP: The mean (±SD) age of the patients was almost same in two groups with range of 35-70 years in Group I and 35-75 years in Group II. Most of the patients were in 7th decades of life. Male sex predominated in both groups with male-female ratio of 6.4:1. However, no significant difference was found between two groups in respect to age and sex.
Ischemic heart disease status, left ventricular ejection fraction, most of the angiographic and procedural characteristics of the study subjects were almost similar in two groups and the difference was not significant statistically.
In-hospital events: Postprocedural angina was found in 17.0% patients in Group I and 6.0% patients in Group II, and the difference was sig-nificant statistically(p=0.01). Three percent of patients in Group I developed significant arr-hythmia, which was 1.0% in Group II. Two pa-tients developed acute left ventricular failure in Group I, whereas in Group II 1.0% patient had acute left ventricular failure during post PCI hospital stay. Cardiogenic shock was observed in 2.0% patients in Group I and none of Group II. Four percent patients of Group I developed acute myocardial infarction and 2.0% patients died during the post PCI hospital stay. None of Group II developed acute MI or none expired. No patient underwent emergency revascularization in two groups. Differences of all the findings between two groups were not significant statistically (p≤ 0.05). Periprocedural MI was found in 6.0% patients in group I and 1.0% patient in Group II and the difference was significant statistically (p=0.03). On the contrary, peri-procedural myocardial injury was found in 10.0% patients of group I and 4.0% patients of Group II, which was also significant statistically (p=0.04).
Overall significant rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were noted in high hsCRP.
Although baseline CK-MB levels were same in both groups, post PCI CK-MB levels were higher in patients with elevated hsCRP level. The mean increase of CK-MB level following PCI was higher in elevated hsCRP(33.06±16.62 U/L Vs.19.52±17.60 U/L) and the difference was significant statistically (p=0.005).Post PCI CK-MB rise was significantly higher in elevatedhsCRP group.There was a weaklinear positive correlation between the levels of preproceduralhsCRP and rise of CK-MB level(r=0.22, p=0.04)
Binary logistic regression analysis of Relative Risk for predictors of adverse in-hospital out-come was done. The traditional risk factors for adverse in-hospital outcome were entered into the model directly by univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Elevated hsCRP was ob-served as an independent predictor for develop-ing adverse in-hospital outcome (p=0.001) and 95% CI of RR being 1.4 - 4.4.
This analysis highlights the association between baseline CRP and post procedural events. This suggests that,baseline elevated hsCRP may pre-dict risk of distal embolization, may augment micro vascular inflammation following PCI that might be responsible for post procedural compli-cation.9The present analysis documents thatpre-procedural CRP is an important independent prognostic indicator for in hospital outcome.
Thisstudy confirms and extends the findings from a small study by Bufflon et alin which in-creased preprocedural C-reactive protein was identified as an important predictor for early adverse outcome and late clinical restenosis in a series of 121 angioplasty.14
A nonsignificant increase in periprocedural death or MI was observed at 72 hours among patients with elevated baseline CRP in the c7E3 Fab An-tiplatelet Therapy in Unstable Refractory Angina (CAPTURE) trial, reaching statistical signific-ance by 30 days and 6 month.15 Factors possibly contributing to this marginal early excess risk include the higher, arbitrarily defined, dichotomous definition of elevated CRP (1.0 mg/dL), the relatively small study population, and the lack of coronary stenting within the present study. Nevertheless, an increased rate of death was noted at 30 days. Including patients from a more contemporary "stenting era" our large experience provides confirmatory evidence of the association between preprocedural CRP and 30-day events. This analysis defines the independent association between elevated baseline CRP and 30-day death or MI while showing a significant increase in death alone, corroborating the CAPTURE experience.
Herrmann et al differ from our study regarding in hospital events.27 In that study, ath-erosclerotic burden and disease activity that determine long-term clinical outcomes after PCI rather than in-flammation per se. But PreproceduralhsCRP level seems to be a marker of base-line risk and is independently associated with the risk of peri-procedural MI. Findings does not support a role for routine measurement of hsCRP in the man-agement of patients undergoing PCI in contem-porary practice.27 Racial, ethnic variation, more use of DES and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor might be responsible for this.
Prior studies exploring the relationship between hsCRP and periprocedural MI have yielded con-flicting results.16,20 In the present study, we ex-plored this issue by applying the universal defi-nition of periprocedural MI (type 4a) using a contemporary CK-MB assay to detect myonecro-sis.21 Patients with elevated baseline CK-MB lev-els were not included because it is a challenge to diagnose periprocedural MI in these patients. A recent meta-analysis that found statin therapy to reduce periprocedural MI most prominently in patients with elevated pre-procedural CRP levels is subject to the same conundrum.22 Although these observations may relate to the association of hsCRP levels with epicardial coronary athero-sclerosis activity and vulnerability, inflammation may equally impair coronary microvascular function and hence reduced myocardial tolerance to ischaemia.14,25,26 Periprocedural MI was found in 6(6.0%) patients of Group I and 1(1.0%) in Group II, and the difference was significant sta-tistically ( p >.05).This finding consistent with study done by Herrmann et al.28 This relationship suggests that, CRP may predict the risk of distal embolizationor may play a direct role in aug-menting micro vascular inflammatory response after ischaemic insult.
In a recent meta-analysis, Patti et al22 showed that statin therapy reduced periprocedural MI, most prominently in patients with elevated pre-procedural hsCRP level.Saadeddin et al17 reported that, pre-procedural hsCRP elevation in 41.0% of patients with stable angina and who underwent PCI, and this was associated with a 2.27fold higher risk of developing periprocedural myocardial injury. Herrmann et al27 and Rhee et al28 also described similar result in their studies. Ten percent of Group I and 4.0% of Group II had periproceduralmyocardial injury in which CK-MB level was raised but less than five times of upper reference limit, or rise of CK-MB <5 times of upper reference limit without chest pain, ECG, echocardiographic changes. Studyconsidered cut off value of CK-MB more than three times of upper reference limit for diagnosis ofperiprocedural MI.30 This study considered periprocedural MI when post PCI CK-MB level was more than five times of upper reference limit according to recent universal definition of MI guideline.22 If itcould be considered that the previous CK-MB level for diagnosis of periprocedural MI, the incidence would be higher. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done among traditional predictors of post PCI adverse outcome, such as advanced age (>60 years), female gender, diabetes mellitus, BMI, hypertension, smoking, type C lesion and hsCRP. Among these, high sensitivity CRP was an independent predictor for developing adverse in-hospital outcome with 95% CI of RR 1.4-4.4 and p>0.001.This corre-lates with the findings of Buffon et al14Chew et al16 and Rhee et al.28
In thisstudy, pre-procedural high hsCRP was associated with adverse in-hospital outcome fol-lowing PCI. To date, robust supportive evidence has accumulated that, an elevated hsCRP level is associated with greater plaque instability and atherothrombosis, which may explain the worse prognosis.31
Conclusion: It might be concluded that, elevated pre-procedural hsCRP level is an important and in-dependent predictor of adverse in-hospital out-come after percutaneous coronary intervention. Systemic inflammatory activity as measured by serum hsCRP level, might be more informative than classical risk factors predicting post PCI outcome. So, measurement of hsCRP level could provide a rationale for risk stratification before percutaneous coronary intervention. Although the results of this study supports the hypothesis, there are some facts which might affect the re-sults.Hence, with larger sample size andmulti-centered study, evaluation ofperiprocedural MI through MRI thus recommended.
A total of 200 patients based on predefined enrollment criteria were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the hsCRP level before percutaneous coronary intervention, of which 100 patients were included in Group I having preprocedural elevated hsCRP level (≥3 mg/L) and 100 patients were included in Group II, having preprocedural normal hsCRP level (<3 mg/L). All patients were thoroughly observed after percutaneous coronary intervention during their post PCI hospital stay.
Baseline characteristics and hsCRP: The mean (±SD) age of the patients was almost same in two groups with range of 35-70 years in Group I and 35-75 years in Group II. Most of the patients were in 7th decades of life. Male sex predominated in both groups with male-female ratio of 6.4:1. However, no significant difference was found between two groups in respect to age and sex.
Ischemic heart disease status, left ventricular ejection fraction, most of the angiographic and procedural characteristics of the study subjects were almost similar in two groups and the difference was not significant statistically.
Table I: Baseline characteristics of the study population (n=100)
Variables |
Group I |
Group II |
p value |
Age (mean±SD) |
55.38±9. |
54.0±10.2 |
0.31ns |
Female% |
15 |
12 |
0.53ns |
BMI (mean±SD) |
23.86±1.73 |
23.43±2.69 |
0.26ns |
Smoking % |
68 |
66 |
0.76ns |
Hypertension % |
54 |
58 |
0.56ns |
Diabetes mellitus,% |
42 |
40 |
0.77ns |
Dyslipidaemia % |
45 |
48 |
0.39ns |
Family history of premature CAD,% |
10 |
4 |
0.10 ns |
Percentage of residual stenosis,after PCI( mean±SD) |
0.54 ± 0.18 |
0.70 ± 0.21 |
0.49 ns |
Length of stent,mm (mean±SD) |
26.84±6.27 |
26.96±7.12 |
0.90ns |
Diameter of stent,mm (mean±SD) |
2.72±0.23 |
2.73±0.36 |
0. 92ns |
Inflation pressure,ATM (mean±SD) |
14.04±1.17 |
13.72±0.99 |
0. 06ns |
Duration of inflation, Sec(mean±SD) |
27.50±4.43 |
D27.20±4.18 |
0. 79 ns |
BMS use% |
73 |
70 |
0.64ns |
DES use% |
27 |
30 |
|
Mean increase of CK-MB (mean±SD) |
33.06±16.62 |
19.52±17.6 |
0.005 s |
In-hospital events: Postprocedural angina was found in 17.0% patients in Group I and 6.0% patients in Group II, and the difference was sig-nificant statistically(p=0.01). Three percent of patients in Group I developed significant arr-hythmia, which was 1.0% in Group II. Two pa-tients developed acute left ventricular failure in Group I, whereas in Group II 1.0% patient had acute left ventricular failure during post PCI hospital stay. Cardiogenic shock was observed in 2.0% patients in Group I and none of Group II. Four percent patients of Group I developed acute myocardial infarction and 2.0% patients died during the post PCI hospital stay. None of Group II developed acute MI or none expired. No patient underwent emergency revascularization in two groups. Differences of all the findings between two groups were not significant statistically (p≤ 0.05). Periprocedural MI was found in 6.0% patients in group I and 1.0% patient in Group II and the difference was significant statistically (p=0.03). On the contrary, peri-procedural myocardial injury was found in 10.0% patients of group I and 4.0% patients of Group II, which was also significant statistically (p=0.04).
Table II: Comparison of in-hospital outcome between two groups (n=200)
In-hospital outcome |
Group I (n= 100) |
Group |
p value |
||
Number |
% |
Number |
% |
|
|
Post procedural |
17 |
17.0 |
6 |
06.0 |
0.01s |
Acute myocardial infarction |
4 |
4.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0.12ns |
Periprocedural MI |
6 |
6.0 |
1 |
1.0 |
0.04s |
Periprocedural |
10 |
10.0 |
4 |
4.0 |
0.03s |
myocardial Injury |
|
|
|
|
|
Acute left ventricular failure |
2 |
2.0 |
1 |
1.0 |
1.0ns |
Arrhythmia |
3 |
3.0 |
1 |
1.0 |
0.31ns |
Cardiogenic shock |
2 |
2.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0.49ns |
Death |
2 |
2.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0.49ns |
Overall significant rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were noted in high hsCRP.
Table III: Comparison of presence of Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE) between two groups (n=200)
Major Adverse Cardiac Events (Death, AMI, emergency revascularization) |
GroupI |
GroupII |
p |
||
Number |
% |
Number |
% |
|
|
Present |
06 |
6.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.03s |
Absent |
94 |
94.0 |
100 |
100 |
|
Although baseline CK-MB levels were same in both groups, post PCI CK-MB levels were higher in patients with elevated hsCRP level. The mean increase of CK-MB level following PCI was higher in elevated hsCRP(33.06±16.62 U/L Vs.19.52±17.60 U/L) and the difference was significant statistically (p=0.005).Post PCI CK-MB rise was significantly higher in elevatedhsCRP group.There was a weaklinear positive correlation between the levels of preproceduralhsCRP and rise of CK-MB level(r=0.22, p=0.04)
Binary logistic regression analysis of Relative Risk for predictors of adverse in-hospital out-come was done. The traditional risk factors for adverse in-hospital outcome were entered into the model directly by univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Elevated hsCRP was ob-served as an independent predictor for develop-ing adverse in-hospital outcome (p=0.001) and 95% CI of RR being 1.4 - 4.4.
Table IV: Binary Logistic regression analysis for factors related to adverse in-hospital outcome
Variables of interest |
Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis |
||
p value |
RR |
95% CI of RR |
p value |
|
age (≥60 years) |
0.62ns |
1.56 |
0.637-3.508 |
0.17ns |
Female gender |
0.39ns |
1.16 |
0.820-1.638 |
0.50ns |
Diabetes mellitus |
0.41ns |
0.86 |
0.644 – 1.259 |
0.06ns |
Smoking |
0.90ns |
1.02 |
0.791-1.476 |
0.29ns |
Increased BMI |
0.58ns |
1.22 |
1.191 – 2.320 |
0.05ns |
Type C lesion |
0.81ns |
1.04 |
0.740 – 1.466 |
0.83ns |
Elevated hsCRP |
0.001s |
2.54 |
1.461 – 4.420 |
0.001s |
Discussion
Patient demographics and anatomical characteristics (lesion complexity and number of diseased vessels) are currently used to define individual risk among patients undergoing PCI.1,2,11 Emerging evidence highlights the prog-nostic value of inflammatory markers such as CRP among patients with coronary artery dis-ease.12,13This analysis highlights the association between baseline CRP and post procedural events. This suggests that,baseline elevated hsCRP may pre-dict risk of distal embolization, may augment micro vascular inflammation following PCI that might be responsible for post procedural compli-cation.9The present analysis documents thatpre-procedural CRP is an important independent prognostic indicator for in hospital outcome.
Thisstudy confirms and extends the findings from a small study by Bufflon et alin which in-creased preprocedural C-reactive protein was identified as an important predictor for early adverse outcome and late clinical restenosis in a series of 121 angioplasty.14
A nonsignificant increase in periprocedural death or MI was observed at 72 hours among patients with elevated baseline CRP in the c7E3 Fab An-tiplatelet Therapy in Unstable Refractory Angina (CAPTURE) trial, reaching statistical signific-ance by 30 days and 6 month.15 Factors possibly contributing to this marginal early excess risk include the higher, arbitrarily defined, dichotomous definition of elevated CRP (1.0 mg/dL), the relatively small study population, and the lack of coronary stenting within the present study. Nevertheless, an increased rate of death was noted at 30 days. Including patients from a more contemporary "stenting era" our large experience provides confirmatory evidence of the association between preprocedural CRP and 30-day events. This analysis defines the independent association between elevated baseline CRP and 30-day death or MI while showing a significant increase in death alone, corroborating the CAPTURE experience.
Herrmann et al differ from our study regarding in hospital events.27 In that study, ath-erosclerotic burden and disease activity that determine long-term clinical outcomes after PCI rather than in-flammation per se. But PreproceduralhsCRP level seems to be a marker of base-line risk and is independently associated with the risk of peri-procedural MI. Findings does not support a role for routine measurement of hsCRP in the man-agement of patients undergoing PCI in contem-porary practice.27 Racial, ethnic variation, more use of DES and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor might be responsible for this.
Prior studies exploring the relationship between hsCRP and periprocedural MI have yielded con-flicting results.16,20 In the present study, we ex-plored this issue by applying the universal defi-nition of periprocedural MI (type 4a) using a contemporary CK-MB assay to detect myonecro-sis.21 Patients with elevated baseline CK-MB lev-els were not included because it is a challenge to diagnose periprocedural MI in these patients. A recent meta-analysis that found statin therapy to reduce periprocedural MI most prominently in patients with elevated pre-procedural CRP levels is subject to the same conundrum.22 Although these observations may relate to the association of hsCRP levels with epicardial coronary athero-sclerosis activity and vulnerability, inflammation may equally impair coronary microvascular function and hence reduced myocardial tolerance to ischaemia.14,25,26 Periprocedural MI was found in 6(6.0%) patients of Group I and 1(1.0%) in Group II, and the difference was significant sta-tistically ( p >.05).This finding consistent with study done by Herrmann et al.28 This relationship suggests that, CRP may predict the risk of distal embolizationor may play a direct role in aug-menting micro vascular inflammatory response after ischaemic insult.
In a recent meta-analysis, Patti et al22 showed that statin therapy reduced periprocedural MI, most prominently in patients with elevated pre-procedural hsCRP level.Saadeddin et al17 reported that, pre-procedural hsCRP elevation in 41.0% of patients with stable angina and who underwent PCI, and this was associated with a 2.27fold higher risk of developing periprocedural myocardial injury. Herrmann et al27 and Rhee et al28 also described similar result in their studies. Ten percent of Group I and 4.0% of Group II had periproceduralmyocardial injury in which CK-MB level was raised but less than five times of upper reference limit, or rise of CK-MB <5 times of upper reference limit without chest pain, ECG, echocardiographic changes. Studyconsidered cut off value of CK-MB more than three times of upper reference limit for diagnosis ofperiprocedural MI.30 This study considered periprocedural MI when post PCI CK-MB level was more than five times of upper reference limit according to recent universal definition of MI guideline.22 If itcould be considered that the previous CK-MB level for diagnosis of periprocedural MI, the incidence would be higher. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done among traditional predictors of post PCI adverse outcome, such as advanced age (>60 years), female gender, diabetes mellitus, BMI, hypertension, smoking, type C lesion and hsCRP. Among these, high sensitivity CRP was an independent predictor for developing adverse in-hospital outcome with 95% CI of RR 1.4-4.4 and p>0.001.This corre-lates with the findings of Buffon et al14Chew et al16 and Rhee et al.28
In thisstudy, pre-procedural high hsCRP was associated with adverse in-hospital outcome fol-lowing PCI. To date, robust supportive evidence has accumulated that, an elevated hsCRP level is associated with greater plaque instability and atherothrombosis, which may explain the worse prognosis.31
Conclusion: It might be concluded that, elevated pre-procedural hsCRP level is an important and in-dependent predictor of adverse in-hospital out-come after percutaneous coronary intervention. Systemic inflammatory activity as measured by serum hsCRP level, might be more informative than classical risk factors predicting post PCI outcome. So, measurement of hsCRP level could provide a rationale for risk stratification before percutaneous coronary intervention. Although the results of this study supports the hypothesis, there are some facts which might affect the re-sults.Hence, with larger sample size andmulti-centered study, evaluation ofperiprocedural MI through MRI thus recommended.
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